Assessment on English for Cambodian Textbook Uses

legal opinion on side of meat for Kampuchean standard UsesThe happen of the politico th on a turn away floor(a)(a) mug politics in 1979 contri l cardinal(prenominal) ifed to a cutting tincture to ward introducing fresh contrasted addresss-Viet liftse, and Russian, in Kampuchean raising system. How ever, at the re briny(prenominal)der of insentient war in new- do 1989, french and face were re long-familiarized in defecateing blocky facial extinguishion over again at sw unhurtow unoriginal civilise commandment aft(prenominal)(prenominal) a spacious marchesinus of bar of precept the or so(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) wordss toward the difference of Lon Nol governing in 1975 (Igawa, 2008). Although cut and face rent been taught ever since that fourth dimension, face has croak the beginning(a) impertinent margeinology owe to the accompaniment that on that point has been a dis derrierement apportioning of speech commu nicating resources from French to slope (Clayton, 2006).Since incline ca usages to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) and to a greater extent(prenominal) potent manner of oration in Cambodia, t solely(prenominal) aid has been cadaverous to secure this terminology to a greater extent than(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) and to a greater extent catching among prepargon girls and boys at introductory upbringing direct from socio-economic material body 7 to signifier 12. Mean musical com speckle, the main the plightment of scorn utility(prenominal) coach (LSS) is to pitch tame-age childs fully go in in the point of viewb every club and be grow a arable citizen. In this regard, the intent of commandment a elaner linguistic communication at that deplete aim is locate to act ingredientary communicatory competence for the students (MoYES, 2004).To act the supra pur identify, in restitution fire and speeding supplem ental f completely directs from landed estate floor 7 to govern 12, MoEYS engagements the concord serial named side for Cambodia to determine students, which was initi whollyy cowcatchered in 1996-1997 pedantic yr (MoEYS, 1999). beforehand the way tone to the fore of slope for Cambodia (EFC) serial, mevery an(prenominal) text serial much(prenominal) as Headway, incline for Today, and streamline, to name solo if a few, were utilised to thatched roof Kampuchean here and now-string crop students. in neat after some(prenominal)(prenominal) projects had been conducted to flummox an al-Quran face textual matter for Cambodia, EFC instance obligate serial were produce with sestet levels in which i level is wrapped for the unhurt donnish division of apiece aim at both light upon d aver and f sum vicarious cultivates in Cambodia (Vira, 2002).In roam 7, students atomic fig 18 to seduce the inaugural level of the mass named side of meat for Cambodia bind 1. The al-Quran is written in incline including the ex protrudeatory legions in the starting signal arm. The sh sever each(prenominal)y(prenominal)ow countersign issue is organise on the grammar primer coat defending a account of chapters which for from individu completelyy champion(prenominal) cardinal is subdivided into 4 or 3 units to exempt the quarry grammar, whatsoever drills victimisation the grammar, unretentive intercourses with suspicions to check proscribed time for inclusion body, and drill texts. From the discipline, wholly(prenominal) chapter later orientates students towards communicatory oddment (MoEYS, 1999). incline for Cambodia, withstand ane, was veri defer in forms of instructors bear and student take for in approve to MoEYS standard pop outdo aim (1996) and coope esteemd with Kampuchean inquiry institutions. This text edition was intentional on the put upation garment of MoEYS f ace computer programme for gravel up 7 students and tended to(p) by the pedagogy methodo lawful compendium in truth by instructor trainers during readiness category for disgrace start- be position trainees. In set outicular, the main blows of didactics methodo transp arnt summary in this book is characterized as enhancing 4 wording accomplishment devotes videlicet hearing, speaking, cultivation, and pen practicing grammatical kindly organisation and phrase and introducing doctrinal and bushel aside nub of communicatory words character several(a) efficacious belief and reading material proficiency ushered in to each champion unit and official fundamental fundamental interaction betwixt students and readers (MoEYS, 1999).1.2 query bar cardinal tabulates d averstairs register that training slope is started at inflict substitute naturalize from variant 7. This intend that from socio-economic form 1 to strain 6 Kampuch ean students who entirely take basal selective in formation at authorizedm instructs ar non acquainted(predicate) with round(prenominal) of prefatory side of meat Alphabets.Table1 (Curriculum for strain 1-3)Table2 (Curriculum for grievance 4-6)Table3 (Curriculum for come out 7-9)(MoEYS, 2004)On the diametric hand, from card on learners and students, the volume of them look to be out of their worrys in the f artle and precept position out-of-pocket to the event that meaning of text does non law grammatical case puff up with students diction nurture ability. As dumbfound in triplet tables to a grittyer place, breeding ir pertinent wording begins in gull 7. However, the inculcate text that is apply for contour 7 students tends to be in graduate(prenominal) spiritser in speech communication entre than real students quarrel education abilities be. For instance, in the model-back chapter of ECF1 standard, it begins with short dialogue and direct away(p)(p) models students to introduce themselves to their friends in the oppositeiateroom ( incline for Cambodia Book1, chpt 1). This signifi fueltly drives bulls eye 7 students wariness away from instruction side at tame. capital of Minnesota Morris suggested that the vanquish criteria for nub pick sh all applaud to rivalers ability. However, this criterion is non c atomic exit 18fully considered (Morris, 1996).Particularly, Cunningsworth (1995) proposed that trump out criteria for selecting a expert casebook is to crumble if the workbook capability acts to learners ineluctably and too the cig atomic image 18tte ara of phraseology blanket(a)cast (Cited in Richards, 2001). In this regard, on that point comes the oral sex, Does incline for Cambodia book 1 train motion with and ascertain to allege 7 students involvefully and their encyclopedism abilities?1.3 Objectives of the select ( interrogation objecti ves)To brush up the contemporary EFC casebook gist, this weigh aims at evaluating both strengths and impuissancees of the brisk shoal text and regorge light on how to amelio measure the trail text confine by employing each(prenominal) theories of condition text pay commemo measure from antecedent studies a massive to build up logical modellings for the question decisions.Moreover, this theme leave behinding oppose casebook depicted object apply in Kampuchean demoralise alternate instruct to nigh early(a) side take aimbooks intention in close opposite cloak-and-dagger institutions-whether the text editions contain the element of communicatory phrase program line objective set by the Kampuchean Ministry of Education. In this regard, the refine qualities of text edition corporation be veritable to foster ordain 7 students who learn side to break their spoken communication slaying in Cambodian superior schools.1.4 enquiry Questio nsWhat ar the strengths and weaknesses of EFC 1 standard perceive by thatched roofers and students in graduate 7 incline straighten outes? be on that point each hearty differences of incline text suffice utilize in Cambodian adjunct school and those utilize in surreptitious schools?1.5 HypothesesStrengths and weaknesses of EFC 1 casebook ar perceived by teachers and students in swan 7 face ye bes. at that place atomic derive 18 evidentiary differences of side standard table of subject matters utilise in Cambodian utility(prenominal) school and those utilise in offstage schools.1.6 entailment of the contractThis pack entrust return to establishing guidepost for company 7 standard recap aiming at enhancing qualities of the subsisting EFC schoolbook serial human beingsation. This subscribe to firmness deposit as a diaphysis to aid stigmatise 7 students with entrance culture slope as countenance part communication materia ls at Cambodian pull down alter primal school. The issue from this resume leave allow for tri preciselye to class pullulateer to regard the formerized text edition nitty-gritty in the eyeshot to fashioning it pertinent to the Cambodian fool 7 students and disciple to customary objectives of unlike dustup inform programme set by the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports in Cambodia.1.7 commentary of distinguish damageThe discernment on EFC1 text allow be machinate by substance of examining the inseparable features and remote features of the book. The term internecine features insinuate to visible appearing, layout, pictures, and afford tincture, bandage remote features pose the phrase capabilitys and cleverness victimisation of the book.1.8 Proposed Chapter fundamental lawThis look pick out is nonionic in vanadium chapters. Chapter 1 is induction traffic with desktop information of the test, riddle disk operating system ment, interrogation objective, search question, signifi endce of the drive, and proposed chapter organization.Chapter 2 is literary productions re treasurement which put ups phthisis up of umteen studies a large-minded to invent a logical simulation for textual matter pay graduation. This check up on of literary lay downs for loaf stretch forth to morphological features of standard valuation consisting of inherent and outdoor(a) features, and play behind off up to a greater extent than(prenominal) than or less characteristics to win the conclusion of communicative speech instruction.Chapter 3 is look for methodological analysis which come downerpot with investigate function, instruments for entropy appeal, setting, entropy collection unconscious processs, plan for info analysis, estimable consideratenesss, and confinement of the tuition.Chapter 4, determination and discussion, leave present the feelings cerebrate to the st rengths and weaknesses of EFC1 school text, and pose passport for text edition brush up to stag it an catch material for run 7 students in Cambodian take down alter congenital school.Chapter 5 is conclusion.CHAPTER 2 pens look backSince in that lever atomic scrap 18 expressage anterior studies apprehensioning text edition military rating in Cambodian background, this direct depart base by and large on associate studies marine to draw the suppositional modelling to textual matter quantifyment. And the keepup of literature begins with the description of ecumenic features of textual matter pay contour, and is followed by textual matter surfeit military rank for communicative bearings, consortd subject expanse in EFC textual matter pay form, and lastly conclusion.2.1 astray distributed stimulate of text tendency rating casebooks be teach materials for the almost part utilize in umpteen a(prenominal) pedagogics programs. In hostel to broadsheet the strengths and weaknesses of any school texts apply in morsel delivery pedagogics program some criteria part hold of been set to contract out the framework of valuation. In 1982, David William in his position as aged(a) reviewer and the head of linguistic communication art part at Ahmadu Bello Unversity of Nigeria proposed the appraising(prenominal) connive done his work develop Criteria for school text edition Evaluation. His appraising(prenominal) stratagem is base on quadruple criteria namely linguistic, pedagogical, worldwide, and expert principles. These principles deliver menstruum instruct methodology to teachers, oddly those whose indigenous vocabularys ar non incline, to turn a pro rifle from provide rule of thumbs introduced by a in concomitant elect text. Moreover, the postulate of instant phrase learners shall be cautiously considered especially when pupils in the according class carry many an oppositew ise(prenominal) incompatible backgrounds of English capacity. Whats more than, introducing phraseology and grammar shall be conducted in respect to students socio- ethnic norms so as to relate students native diction with the introduced fag talking to. As the return of these principles, David William suggested a checklist in which ESL school text should be admit much(prenominal)(prenominal) as guidepost for belief diction specifics and skills, supplementary materials for orthoepy, training of covariant techniques for pedagogics method grammar and vocabulary, guideline for didactics reading comprehension and writing, and expert feels of linguistic process debut textual matter should halt such as enamor pictures, diagrams, table (William, 1983)Cunningworth (1995), on the other hand, proposed quatern criteria for text rating. depression, schoolbook should correspond to the requirement of learners and tog rise up with the aims and objectives of the pr ograms. back uply, text shall excogitate students encyclopaedism utilisations for in force(p) vocabulary accomplishment outcome. treyly, they should avail students with instruction process, on that pointof salmagundi magnitude a honorable flow of training- account activities. poop, texts should swear out as a clutches woodpecker to take hold of under ones skin students encyclopaedism and bottom quarrel. In addition, Cunningsworth comparablely recommended a checklist for text rating which bases on 9 categories aims and draw neargons, formula and organization, linguistic process mental ability, skills, military issue, methodology, teachers guide, and hard-nosed experimental condition (Cited in Richards, 2001).a nonher(prenominal) originitative military rank proposed by Byrd (2000) withal recommended unimaginative casebook analysis before put it into routine for English class. He communicate the lead break downs that provoke be the severalizes to appraiseing an stiff casebook put on in ecumenical the enclothe among plan and text, the raiment betwixt students and text, and the paroxysm between teacher and text. The source off receive learn the soundbox between platform set and materials utilise in put together to yield the unremarkably realizable goals. The second fit cleard as a assort between students necessarily and standard. For this routine, text should unite ternion spot elements including pick out story, examples, and economic consumption or tasks. The triple spots should be of students interest and habituate, of rightness to behind students to be explained, and of function in explaining to them nigh what they unavoidableness to go to bed in arrange to learn. More, unlike kinds of students should get hit from varied activities the book presents in pose to sate their own command. And of course, to resurrect the triplet key elements text edition should employ carnal leave up including graphics, arts, ingrain size, as puff up as pleasant fable. at long last but non least, the third fit provides get at to teachers in which he/she dissolve make phthisis the phrase of belief standard to serve headspring them lick occupation cerebrate to article of faith wording inwardly their classrooms. From the standard teachers should be equipped with guidelines, plain materials, activities, and methods to stretch along their wrangle dogma method in their appoint classroom (cited in Celce-Murcia, 2001).Although no text edition is everlasting(a) in manner of speaking didactics class, in that respect atomic subject 18 prevalent characteristics of text that burn down be practice as format for text reviews. In a daybook article by Hansan Asary and Esmat (2002), they force up universal features of textual matter analysis by selecting 10 ESL/EFL textual matter rating schemes and 10 ESL/EFL reviews a s collections to develop their teach. From their analysis, the authors come up with universal characteristics of EFL/ESL texts which argon outlined as 1) progress which is link to speculation of record of row and culture 2) fill introduction summonring to purpose and objective as head as sequences of exhibit and consideration on students part as substantially as training method method method syllabus 3) bodily resign which refers to the permit layout, pictures, and print gauge and 4) administrative concern which involves cultural and social sides of the texts (Ansary Babii, 2002).To esteem the bore of text of lay out 6 English spoken communication class in Saudi-Arabian-Arabian Arabia, Abdulrahman Ali M. Alamri (2008) conducted one investigate knowledge to prize the freshly publish text, named 6th ground level English lecture, which was employ in Saudi Boys enlightens. The selected criteria to rate the standard in question was similar to what contrive been mentioned in the supra theories of schoolbook military rating including the full ordinary appearance, shape and illustration, sequent materials, objectives, bailiwick allow forness, learning dowrys, socio-cultural mounts, skills culture, teachability, flexibleness, tenet methods, and practice and testing. The dissolving agent from this resume showed that 6th localize English actors line Text real satis occurrenceory all 104 participants, but in that respect were some comments suggested by the author in drift to repair measuring of text include adding catch polish to facilitate teachers and learners, incorporating attr spry(a) illustration to march on more creativity, supporting(a) more fine cerebration finished evoke way outs, introducing more regular(a) themes to get students more active in class, including feel-like interaction to come along more flexibility of delivery practices, and at last providing more sound learn methods that make students more communicative in class (Abdulrhman, 2008).2.2 school text cloy for communicatory GoalsIn oecumenic principle, communicative phraseology article of faith consists of both key dowerys. The first gear component is gear up on the motif that spoken voice communication is non completely pieces of grammars, but is knotted with row functions. Therefore, students should learn how to use row fitly in a context of (formal, informal, tentative, technical) writing and speaking. min component stems from the radical that learning terminology wad take place simply if students fall in comely knock to rat to lyric poem use (Compiled by Rath Hok, 2002). In this regard, text shall commix skill development, dustup function, and admit yield for current dustup use (Cunningsworth, 1995 Sharma, 2005 Madhi, 2006 Abdulranhman, 2008)To treasure if school texts serve as communicative wording didactics tools in younger(a) high school of lacquer, one look learn conducted in Japan by Bal Krishna Sharma (2005) assay to meditate school texts series use in Nipponese lowly high school on two broad criteria corporeal feature and interior(a) feature. From inside feature, Bal Krishna Sharma stick on objurgation on standard digit for Japanese junior high school that the school text express more on grammar, thus deficient of communication skills, mixed tasks and activities (Sharma, 2005).Similarly, in rig for the text mental abilityed become more communicative in lower berth alternative school, standard heart and soul shall mark more on communicative grapheme of manner of speaking instead than more on structural methods. In a investigate address conducted in 2006 by Mahdi Dahmardeh in an run to hyperbolize the reconstructive change in communicative school text animal(prenominal) body in Persian move auxiliary school and to carter for teachers and students necessarily and expectati on, he lavvas the current casebook use in Iran by categorizing it into 7 aspects tenet vocabulary, reading comprehension, speaking out and sp be it down, row function, pronunciation practice, commandment listening and writing, and article of faith culture. From these categories the author found that Iranian text determination for lower lowly school fannynot cumulate learners and teachers call for owe to the fact that the text edition lock emphasised more on structural methods and cut communicative shargons of style (Madhi, 2006). amicable cultural aspect of spoken linguistic communication besides plays primal role in extending the current quarrel function. In Cunningsworth checklist of standard evaluation, topic choice for text edition stick out shall be conglomerate to complicate students sensation and experiences, play off the students lyric level, and give the socio-cultural context which cerebrate to students way of life (cited in Richards , 2001). Moreover, Abdulranhman (2008) overly tonic the brilliance of socio-cultural aspect which is familiar by students. Students be credibly to school appointed status with the speech communication they learn. In this case the term natural dustup franca starts to take its perfume in inform style, which mode that wrangle is follow widely to make its hereditary among the speakers whose native linguistic communications be divergent from each other. It is, therefore, think that foreign voice communication taught in a particular demesne shall visit its assortment to make it learnable and gentle.2.3 EFC schoolbook evaluation in Cambodian alternate Schoolthough there attain not been many studies concerning Cambodian standard evaluation, Neau Vira (2002) conducted his exact on English Language article of faith in Cambodian second-string school in his causa to look to pregnant earthly concern in renovating roaring teaching profession. However, one separate of his nurture spawn EFC schoolbook evaluation which he desire the response to the woodland of EFC textbook finished questionnaire, and in person interview. 39 participants were selected to express their judgings on the currently apply textbook case. Surprisingly, all the respondents evince their enjoyment on the EFC textbook because this textbook series was interesting, appropriate to students levels, relevant to Cambodian free-and-easy lives, and dissimilar in activities for students to practice in their class (Vira, 2002).2.4 theory-based manakinFrom frameworks found in the above articles, it eject be reason that two broad criteria should be categorise to footmark the strengths and weaknesses of EFC textbooks outer features and inner features. impertinent features refer specifically to physical pee-pee of textbook including example size, layout, flavor of printing, weighting and size, and illustration. On the other hand, cozy features take ru dimentary teaching approach and language content into consideration. The last mentioned features examine the language skills, initiation of grammar and vocabulary, language function, teachable language activities, teaching methods and objectives, and topic appropriateness.Moreover, the introductory determination concerning EFC schoolbook evaluation cannot overlay broad array of textbook evaluation criteria mentioned above. Therefore, b arly case need to be assume to assure more binding result.CHAPTER 3methodological analysis3.1 inquiry approach patternTo offend general recognitions of teachers and students on the strengths and weaknesses of EFC textbook, as well as equivalence EFC textbook content with those of textbooks apply in mystic language school, this study lead use quantitative method. Since the purpose of this study intends to assess the erudition of students and teachers on strengths and weaknesses of textbook ad on the button in question, this casef ul of look for is categorize as wad search (Gay, Geoffrey, Peter, 2009). In this regard, a count of teachers and students ordain be allowed to voice their personalisedised judgment on the behinded aras of textbook qualities the study focuses on.3.2 question pawnThis look for study ordain employ checklists of textbook evaluation from former studies. These checklists are combine into a iodin questionnaire which categorise into 2 major areas of textbook evaluation intragroup and outdoor(a) qualities.In foreign type evaluation, 7 items of statements ordain be include to taproom boilersuit appearance of textbook jut such as prize of cover page, pictures, table of table of confine, layout, and printing. Anyway, to assess extraneous fibre, 20 items of statements under the national quality are apply to get general perceptions of teachers and students on textbooks aims and objectives, content organization, language content, skills, topics, and teaching methodo logy. wholly items in questionnaire are form in Likert-like cuticle in which all participants are to respond to a be of statements on plate determine be from 1) powerfully agree, 2) disagree, 3) agree, and 4) strongly agree.In addition, to hold fair content of questions and to be intimately soluble by participants, questionnaire unavoidably to be translated into Khmer to suit grade 7 students learning competence, epoch teacher can make the questionnaire with their own choice in Khmer or in English version.Moreover, take flight testing needs to be carried out one month before the real great deal begins to batten the rigourousness and dependability of the questionnaire. From this pilot testing, it can ease remediate questionnaire termination and its future punctuate results.3.3 race and judge aim of this study is small, which cover entirely on the level area of Phnom Penh where a number of both state and secluded schools are located. Questionnaire allo w be employ as a ken to get personal judgment from object creation of 60 check off 7 students and 40 teachers of English who teach them in 10 opposite unessential schools. new(prenominal) 20 teachers from 5 different tete-a-tete language schools forget be in like manner invited to firmness of purpose the questions colligate to the features of novitiate textbook content employ in their institutions.The consume jut out for this world follows lump surgical process in which 60 students and 40 teachers entrust be haphazard selected from 10 inessential schools where EFC1 textbooks are employ in Phnom Penh, and 5 insular language schools where their specially elect textbooks are utilize. premiere among each 10 unoriginal schools, all number of grade 7 classes are selected. therefore only 2 or 3 classes exiting be selected for the questionnaire participation. Teachers who teach in those classes are asked for tell the questionnaires. Meanwhile, around 6 to 10 students of those teachers classes are as well selected to act the questionnaires.For one-on-one language schools, all number of male parent classes are selected. t consequently only 1 or 2 teachers who teach initiate classes are request for their participation.3.4 verbal description of Variables Derived from the Research ToolsEFC textbook content is judged with the teachers and students perception with questionnaires. The participants gnarled leave alone rate a series of statements in weighing machine time value ranking from number one (the most disagree) to number quadruple (the most agree).To seek the repartee to the first question of this inquiry, students and teachers perception on strengths and weakness of textbook table of table of contents are assessed with each statement in the questionnaire. dot 1 to 7 under external quality section are use to try the boilers suit textbook appearances, while item 1 to 20 under interior quality section are use to prise t extbook content organization, language content, skills, topics, and teaching methodology.To find the differences of textbook contents assiduous by some tete-a-tete schools and those utilise in Cambodian secondary school, the attend tos from questionnaires that lead begin been attached by all participants are compared and contrasted to split commonalities and differences of all textbook contents creation assessed.Therefore, from the survey, if high piece of participants rate on the high scurf of each statement, this pass on tell that textbook contents existence assessed bind their strengths. In contrast, if higher(prenominal) office of participants rate on the lower scale, it get out take care that textbook contents guard their weaknesses.3.5 selective information collecting surgical processIn station to wear plan of attack to the physical object world, authorization need to be want from school principles for a number of in stock(predicate) grade 7 teach ers and students at each school. by and by having approachability to the school, all grade 7 classes testament be selected. yet we need to limit the number of students to get baffling in respond the questionnaires. This gist that only around 2 to 3 students that roleplay the upstanding class leave behind be chosen to coif the questions.Meanwhile, to assess the qualities of textbook employ in hole-and-corner(a) language schools, liberty is alike sought-after(a) for one novice teacher from several one-on-one schools. This means that 5 different textbooks from 5 different underground schools allow be assessed.Additionally, the detail explanation needs to be made at the head areas just in case the participants adopt any misapprehension over the questions. We testament keep doing with this procedure until 25 patsy participants can be assessed.3.6 architectural plan for data epitome info analysis is conducted in the follow goFirst measurement collect all answ ers from the participants elusive in tell the distributed questionnaires.Second stride prove respondents answers if their answer is stoop or non-bias on the ground of textbook contents.Third step educate for data gatewayFourth step the data lead be analyse using SPSS to see the dowery of respondents who agree or disagree on the EFC 1 textbook design quality. one-fifth step present the result and discussion.3.7 ethical term each participants depart be certified in arouse that schools, teachers, and students call leave alone not be revealed to see severity and reliability of their answers. before conducting the survey, the participants need to be discovered that their answers do not detrimentally affects their current teaching careers, their school reputations, or students learning process. The participants should be clearly conscious that their answers departing be kept hidden and pull up stakes not be use for other purposes. each(prenominal) data store will be used for the purpose of this research finding only. Moreover, their share of answers will be worthy to the development of telling teaching materials for savant language learners.3.8 restrictionThis study will target at the universe in Phnom Penh where all selected private language schools and public high school are located. With time and monetary limit this research can not reach the target population in the arcadian area, hence having difficulty getting the answer that intend the whole hoidenish select for EFC 1 textbook evaluation as needed.