Revolutionary Movement free essay sample

The explanations behind the American Revolutionary Movement are various and various; notwithstanding, one explanation remains above them all: financial aspects. Since the time the principal pioneers started to colonize the United States, financial matters have been available as the establishment for the nation. Our general public today is gotten from cash matters similarly as it was in the time previously and during the Revolution. The British battling the French and Indian War was a base for solid monetary changes that prompted the Revolution.This was firmly trailed by the Declaratory Act that permitted the burdening of the states and the Intolerable Acts made by the British. We will compose a custom exposition test on Progressive Movement or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page They all had solid impacts in the financial matters of the nation that prompted the Revolutionary War. In 1754, the British battled the French for the last of four wars in what we know as the French and Indian War. It was a battle to see who might control in North America, and it was in the end won by the British. Regardless of their triumph, the British were constrained into obligation, and their answer for receive in return included a certain something: burdening the colonies.This prompted the development of the Greenville Taxes. Two of these, the Quartering Act and the Stamp Tax, brought turmoil from the homesteaders. The Quartering Act constrained the settlers to house and feed British Soldiers with no extra cash given to them. A large number of the pilgrims didnt have the cash to take care of the fighters, so it made them stray into the red, which influenced the monetary side of the networks on the grounds that the individuals were getting so poor. After the Quartering Act, the British welcomed on the Stamp Tax.This was the principal direct assessment on the settlers, and it got them all provoked up. A gathering known as the Sons of Liberty was shaped and they drove a blacklist against the British burdening guaranteeing that there ought to be no imposing taxes without any political benefit. The duty changed the financial aspects of the settlements, making them lose cash quickly, yet the blacklist returned reprisal against the British. Since the British were done getting cash from the pioneers to take care of their obligation, their accounts were enduring setting off the cancelation of the tax.The Sons of Liberty engaged the lord about the Stamp Tax, so the ruler revoked the assessment utilizing the Declara tory Act. This demonstration despite everything permitted the lord to burden the provinces, and he utilized that reality. One year subsequent to passing the Declaratory Act, the lord brought around the Townsend Act and put a duty on dead, paper, paint and tea, as these were the things most monetarily critical to the pilgrims at that point. After much discussion, all the duties were disavowed aside from the one on tea.Nevertheless, the harm to the economy of New England was done, and the abundance of the nation was declining quickly, incensing the settlers. The pilgrims in the provinces didnt concur with the British taking the entirety of their well deserved cash, thus they were gradually developing to the American Revolution in counter. This prompted the Boston Tea Party which was by and by stick headed by the Sons of Liberty. Britain ere exceptionally irate with the settlers pulverizing all their tea, and as opposed to giving the pioneer what they needed, they lifted the assessment cost on th e tea and made them pay for what they had demolished. Indeed the economy was dropping in light of the fact that the entirety of the cash was setting off to the British. With each demonstration performed by the British that included cash, the settlers were getting angrier with their motherland which made them strike back. The last demonstrations made by the British were the genuine turn. These are known as the Intolerable Acts, and they are what at long last carried the homesteaders to the Revolution. The Intolerable Acts are comprised of a few things done by the British, however the two that had the most effect were the ones that included money.The British passed the Boston Port Bill which shut the port in Boston. This crushed the economy as the settlers could not import anymore or trade merchandise from perhaps the greatest port. It caused swelling in costs and a mob inside the settlements. Effectively irate with the British, the settlers presently observed everything that England did as indefensible and motivation to battle. Another of the most powerful Intolerable Acts was the expansion quartering of troops.This happened on the grounds that the sanction expressing that the pilgrims no longer needed to house warriors Was disavowed, and more soldiers were sent to monitor the over-aggressive pioneers. Seething with outrage at by and by paying for them, however at any rate one other individual also, every pioneer was at long last tossed over the top, and they began to battle to pick up their own nation. From the time the British battled the French in the French and Indian War to when they instated the Declaratory and Intolerable Acts, financial matters turned into the fundamental power driving the pilgrims into the American Revolution.Not just did England attempt to exploit the new provinces to win cash, howeve r it appeared to disregard the way that it was tossing the individuals into obligation. Giving the entirety of their cash to Britain, the pilgrims got enraged, so they retaliated and it prompted the American Revolution. Financial aspects were and are essential to each nation, so it is justifiable that swelling in costs and higher assessments could have driven the American Revolutionary Movement, and it is considerably simpler to acknowledge that it was what basically headed to pioneers to start retaliating.

Gender identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sexual orientation character - Essay Example These generalization natural impacts likewise advance with time as the patterns in ongoing decades have seen changes in sexual orientation practices and jobs. Today, there is a desire that ladies will show an increasingly women's activist and emphatic side, while would now be able to show a progressively sympathetic and gentler ladylike side (Blakemore et al 23). Instead of fortifying the part of sustain, nonetheless, this shows one ought not make a decent attempt to support a youngster to fit in with nature. Along these lines, nature must be progressively significant in sex personality improvement in light of the fact that the kid is brought into the world with a pre-decided character. Current research and science have fought that sex character is definitely not a decision made intentionally. Or maybe, it is an aftereffect of components in one’s natural have up, for example, the distinction in size of explicit cerebrum regions, hereditary qualities, and hormone levels. There is proof proposing that hereditary qualities assumes a basic job in sexual character. Sexual personality is wired into infant’s cerebrums as they create in view of these hereditary elements. For instance, there are different qualities engaged with mental health that are dynamic during sexual organ improvement. Newborn children and youthful babies show run of the mill contrasts in sexual orientation personality (Blakemore et al 24), which recommends that sex is the first and most significant player in sex character advancement. Youths will regularly begin relating to their sex before they arrive at mid-adolescence (Blakemore et al 32). Their attention to being a young lady or kid begins in the underlying year of their life by the tenth month of their lives, particularly as they become somewhat mindful of their privates. When kids are two years old, they start to understand the physical contrasts among young ladies and young men, while it is feasible for them to consider themse lves a young lady or kid when they are three, getting a superior and more grounded idea of the self-idea. The sexual orientation personality of the kid is now settled and stable when they are four years old (Blakemore et al 32). At this point, it is conceivable to state that they realize that they will consistently be young ladies or young men. It is likewise feasible for anybody to watch a conduct and group it as being â€Å"girlish† or â€Å"boyish†. For instance, without being sustained, young men lean toward playing with toy weapons and truck-vehicles, favor science and math, are increasingly dynamic truly and progressively forceful, and have better deftness and spatial thinking (Blakemore et al 33). Young ladies, then again, lean toward agreeable play and dolls, have better engine abilities, figure out how to talk and read before, and have more compassion and feelings. The vast majority of these things are inherent and intrinsic with no compelling reason to educat e them. This shows nature has a significant job in molding sexual orientation character. In any event, when guardians decide to treat their kids in a sexually impartial way, the outcomes are continually as indicated naturally (Blakemore et al 33). For instance, a parent who demands her little youngsters playing with trucks will find that her girls allude to the trucks as mother trucks that are en route to pick their kids from child care. Then again, a kid given a truck will fill it activity legends, while hustling it everywhere throughout the playing territory and making commotions of screeching tires. This is assuredly because of nature, which pre-decides the sexual orientation character

Human Resources Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide

Human Resources Resume Examples, Template Complete Guide Being an HR is a mighty profession these days, as you practically decide who gets the job, and which candidate is eliminated because he or she simply doesn’t fit the company’s business philosophy.A recruiter has the tricky task to listen and analyze the candidate and determine how suitable one is for the position.It sounds so simple until the moment comes to switch the positions. Okay, maybe switch is not the adequate word, but let’s say we have two HR sitting across each other.One of them is on his/her position, interviewing YOU who applied for a position of HR in that company.As tricky as it sounds when being on an interview in the role of a candidate, even the most professional recruiters have all the common fears that people usually have when applying for a job.It’s so natural because no matter how experienced you may be in interviewing other people, it simply doesn’t guarantee that you will have the same level of freedom or eloquence when you are the one looking for th e job.Fear not, because guides like ours are meant to help you deal with those insecurities and give you the right direction on how to make the perfect resume for human resources.Creating a good and attractive CV and cover letter which will make you stand among the crowd doesn’t have to be a complicated task if you have our instruction manual on how to ace it.Stay with us, because we want to show you how to write a perfect resume for HR and help you get that job which drew your attention. Of course, your working experience, skills, knowledge, and talents are the main ingredients for success, but knowing how to organize and articulate boost the chanced significantly.Did you know that numerous companies use some application or program that automatically filters all the resumes? Of course, you did, you’re an HR- that’s EXACTLY what you do as well!But, you probably assume that there must be some useful tricks which can minimize the chances that your CV gets eliminated even before the human eye gets the chance to read it.Your intuition is right, and our guide here offers numerous solutions on how to make your resume “filter-friendly”. Find out how to boost your chances to beat the competition!  Human Resources Resume Examples Right Human Resources Assistant Resume Sample Right Create your own resumeNow that you have two practical examples of how your resume should look like when youre applying for the position of either HR assistant or manager, we can get down to next step-learning how to make the BEST HR CV!Being an HR yourself, you probably know all the aspects most job recruiters pay attention to, but in case something simply slipped off your mind- our guide will help you improve and enhance your resume.We shall now go through each section step by step, ensuring that you will do it correctly. Our thorough instruction manual features the necessary knowledge on how to write the proper format of the HR resume.Feel free to use our resume templates.Being convenient and practical, they allow you to change or add any section you want with a single click.Is there a better and more efficient way to adjust the resume so that it meets the demands for the specific job advertisement?Our highly-adjustable resume templates are designed to make your quest for the idea l job as less stressful as possible.ULTIMATE GUIDE ON WRITING THE PERSONAL INFO SECTION FOR HUMAN RESOURCES RESUMEWhatever is the specific profession, the beginning of every resume is more or less the same.The first part usually includes your personal information. Data that are usually mandatory to write include as full name, phone number, e-mail, and address.As for additional information, don’t feel obliged to write something too private (such as personal or bank ID, marital status and similar) or something that will make you feel uncomfortable. You decide which data you want or do not want to include in your CV.One of the details that you need to pay special attention to is the e-mail address you list in your resume. Being an HR yourself, you probably roll your eyes when you see something inappropriate or silly instead of formal address.So, if that is what you would like the potential candidates to write, do it yourself as well. If you haven’t got an address that sounds profes sional and formal, well, create it. It takes just several minutes, but it makes a huge difference.Here’s a practical example:margaret.stevenson@gmail.com RightMaggie_Queen_777@gmail.com WrongThe same rule applies to your full name. What your future employer wants to know are your REAL full name, not nicknames, alias names, and pseudonyms.Those are huge no-nos for resumes, so avoid them at any cost or you risk being eliminated for sounding childish.Margaret Stevenson Right Maggie Stevenson WrongWhen it comes to the listing profession, if possible, avoid generic and broad expression. Since there are numerous fields and positions where HRs are required (trainee, assistant, manager, director), it’s important to be specific. Give the recruiter t a precise definition of your field of expertise.One of the options is to choose to write your actual profession, the subject you’ve graduated on or the topic of your master thesis. The other is to write the title from your previous job. If you have just graduated and have no experience, you can even write “entry-level” or “junior” in front of the main title (HR in this case).Here’s a practical example:Human resources assistant RightHuman resources WrongIf you consider adding a link to some social media to your resume, opt for LinkedIn.This represents an extension to your resume where the potential employers can get more information about you if your CV drew their attention.Do check out if the profile is up to date before including it on your resume. If the information from your resume and profile are not correspondent to each other, the effect will be the opposite and you will give the impression that you are not interested in the job. You don’t want that scenario, do you?THIS IS THE BEST WAY TO WRITE SUMMARY SECTION FOR HUMAN RESOURCES CVAs for the Summary section, the name itself already implies that this section represents a mini intro compiled of highlights from your work experience, education, an d skills.So, SUMMARIZE it the best way possible, but avoid writing poetry and descriptive essays.This segment must be precise and concise so that recruiters reading your resume can get a precise picture of who you are. You would ask your candidates the same if you were in recruiter’s position, wouldn’t you?When writing a summary, pay attention to the following:Be precise â€" Your summary should contain information that can be found in the rest of your resume, not something new. Of course, you could explain it in a bit different words, but still saying the same thing.Be reasonable â€" Adjust the intro to sound so to represent yourself the best possible way, but remain reasonable. To put things simply, if there’s no actual work experience or set of skills, you shouldn’t expect to be invited to the job. So, don’t lie, tell the truth, but if you don’t have the necessary qualification, even the best summary in the world won’t get you a job.Be interesting â€" Again, we are n ot inspiring you to write poetry (I mean, you can, but not in your resume), but make sure your CV doesn’t sound boring or the recruiter may fall asleep while reading it. It should consist of honest information but written in a reader-friendly manner.The three “Bes” are essential steps to follow regardless of which job position you are applying for. Rules are the same, and since they are simple, do your best to implement them all.An ideal summary, in terms of length, should consist of two or three sentences where you should point out your skillsets, experience and the place you graduated from. You can also include at least one reason why you are applying for this job.The main point is to catch attention, so you can arrange it as you wish as long as it does the job and fulfills the recommended criteria.The best way to explain is by using a practical example:SummaryHuman Resources Manager with 7+ years of experience assisting with and fulfilling staffing needs and requirements. T hanks to excellent communication and organizational skills, I initiated numerous project which improved the company’s productivity by 30%. Played a crucial role in the successful establishment of several new facilities. RightSummaryExperienced human resources. Communicational, organized. Looking for the job. WrongI’m sure that if you were to receive a resume form the “wrong” candidate, you would eliminate it after reading the first sentence.A dull summary is the fastest way to stray the recruiter’s attention away from your resume to another candidate.The “right” one is a bit longer, but still not too lengthy. Let’s say it’s well-balanced, just enough to give hints about a person.Yes, you can be  the most qualified candidate  for the advertised job, but if you don’t know how to spice things up a bit, the competition will beat you. Luckily we have the secret weapon you need to help you craft the best ever resume for human resources.SOUND LIKE A PRO WITH THESE ULT IMATE TRICKS ON THE EXPERIENCE SECTION FOR HR RESUME  Now that you know how to ace Summary section, the next crucial thing is learning how to arrange the Experience section.This section features key information about your previous experience and shows the recruiter if you are qualified for the job. Your previous experience also gives hints in which way you can contribute to the company you are applying for.If your experience reveals that you were a trustworthy and dedicated employee in previous companies youve worked for and there’s an adequate skill set to support that, you are halfway to getting the job. If you know how to arrange those, you’ve already got it.Jokes aside, but you can witness yourself that sometimes it is necessary to use some tricks and tips which will improve the look of your CV. It is necessary to know which words to use and how to describe things so that they attract the attention of job-givers.Competition can be cruel and merciless for entry-level candidat es because experience usually prevails.But, don’t be discouraged, because there are circumstances when a recruiter needs to choose between two candidates of the same skillset, education, and experience, and even the tiniest detail can make a huge difference. (And we have prepared a collection of such useful details to help you ace the HR CV.)When listing the previous position, add several bullets about how you’ve contributed to the company. Here’s an extra tip for you â€" to boost the chances, use numbers and percentages!They add some convincing tone to your employer giving the impression that you’ve made an impact on your previous job.But, have in mind that not all profession have measurable aspects, so don’t put numbers and percentages just for the sake of putting them, because they will look artificial.Focus on reality, analyze your experience well, and then find the way to articulate it as precisely as possible. Right WrongMany of us have done various jobs before we engaged in the field of our expertise.Even though that also counts as a useful experience, if you are applying for an HR manager in the company, it’s unnecessary to write that you have washed dishes in a restaurant while on the college.That has no importance for the job you are applying for.Even though “the more the better” makes sense on some occasions, this is not the case here. If you haven’t got any particular experience in the field, then it’s better to write that you are an entry-level candidate willing to learn than listing some part-time tasks just to make your CV look well-equipped.ACING THE EDUCATION SECTION IN HUMAN RESOURCES RESUME  When there are two candidates with equal experience and skill set, this section is the one to make the difference between the chosen one and the omitted one.Here are the super tricks to show you how to arrange this section and draw the recruiter’s attention.Education is important b ecause it shows the level of your knowledge and field of your expertise for the beginning.That’s why you need to arrange it well, describing all the details that can be valuable for the job you are applying for.Those include all the qualifications and skills, seminars, essays, workshops, lectures and similar.Again, make sure there’s a balance. Never list things for the sake of enlarging and boosting your CV, if what you plan to write are empty and meaningless words. List only something connected with the position you are applying for.Here’s what you can highlight in the Education section:The college, academy or online course you’ve graduated from.GPA scores if it is very high.Papers youve written, projects youve taken part in and seminars youve visited.Organizations and clubs you’ve joined. Right WrongYou know that HR’s job is a highly-dynamic and very challenging job, which requires constant learning and upgrading. That’s why you need to prove that you are THE RIGHT candidate for the job, to be given the opportunity to showcase your knowledge and skills, and we will show you the best way to achieve so.BEST EVER SKILLS TO INCLUDE IN THE SKILLS SECTION WHEN WRITING RESUME FOR HUMAN RESOURCESAs there are several types of the position of human resources, the skillset may be slightly different from one resume to another.Even though the duties you list may seem ordinary, it’s actually the way you express them that reveals how devoted you are to the job. the differences may be tiny, but to the recruiter, they are very meaningful.So, what you need to do is describe them as less generic as possible. It’s not easy, but just use common sense and you will manage it. The point of listing skills is to show the recruiter how efficient and proactive you are.Focus on the specific d emands for each of these positions.Think of adequate skills typical for the niche and describe them well and precise. HR positions are widely spread, so each field has some particular duties and assignments that require certain qualities.Try not to list mediocre skills, or if you cannot think of something specific, at least try writing the common ones in some original and creative way. Here’s what we mean: Right Wrong Pro TipSide note:If you are a “talented singer with breath-taking voice”, that’s excellent, congrats, but it won’t get you a job, not if you are applying for the HR position. With no intention to hurt your feelings, what we are trying to tell you is that you should only list the skills that are connected with HR profession, not some lovely trivia just because they sound cool.MOST WANTED TIPS AND TRICKS (FROM EXPERTS) FOR CREATING THE BEST HR RESUMELength of your resume â€" We told you, “the more the merrier” is not the case here. HRs haven’t got much time to check out all the CVs, so an optimal length is what will keep you safe from getting eliminated immediately. One page is ideal, two is still okay if there’s so much precious experience you want to mention. More than that can only result in elimination simply because it’s too long.Proofreading â€"Double-check what and how you wrote it all, because grammar errors, typos and similar are simply forbidden in the resume. After all, HR should be detail-oriented, and this is exactly the best way to showcase it. Grammatical errors can damage your credibility, and that’s probably the last thing you want. If you want to have the peace of your mind, send your resume to a proofreader.Reviewing â€"When you complete your resume revise it and, do it once again. Ask for a second opinion to make sure that your resume looks and sounds the right way. Independent opinion is always valuable and can get you a useful insight from some different perspective.Articulate â€" Knowing exactly how to articulate the information makes the difference between resumes (and candidates). Be clear and precise, otherwise, you will end up being misinterpreted. Your HR resume needs to be presentable of you are eager to get that job.Adapting your CV â€" If you have some spare time, prepare several different CVs for various positions. If not, at least try to adjust so that it matches the specific requirements. Different jo b positions require the different set of skills which is why CV should be personalized based on the advertised demands.Bulleting â€"Bullet points make your CV look well-organized and easy to read, which is the fastest way that the potential employer spots you. Don’t hesitate to use them, but try not to transform your resume into a battle of dots.Highlighting â€" This is an excellent emphasize keywords, and it can be combined with bullet points. The same rules apply here, don’t overuse this feature or the effect may be counter-productive. It’s not a sketchbook for coloring it’s a resume, a formal document which should look professional.Font â€"Handwritten-like fonts should be avoided in CVs. Yes, they are pretty and stylish, but unfortunately can be tricky to read, which is why Cambria, Helvetica, Calibri, Times New Roman, and similar are the best and the safest choice. They are neutral and are easy to read.Formatting â€" Have both physical and digital copy of your resume. In addition to this, provide a CV in different formats such as PDF and TXT because you never know which format does the recruiter prefer.E-Mail â€" Back then it was personally the boss using the phone to call the candidates to come to an interview but nowadays E-Mail serves for the purpose. Check it regularly so not to miss the chance or invitation to an interview.Resume template â€" Finally, the best tool to accommodate all the information is a handy and convenient template. Just like the one we have. Give it a try and you will be surprised how practical it is. You can add any section you want, or miss it, it’s entirely up to you.CONCLUSIONWe sincerely hope you liked our thorough guide on how to write a resume for human resources. With these steps, you stand pretty great chances to get the desired job.You have learned how to list your skillset, education, and experience the right way and now you know which are the points to stress out in each of the sections. So, wait no more, get down to the job and create the best HR CV there is.Once again, our  resume template builder  is here to make your journey easier, so feel free to give it a chance and start writing your CV by implementing all that we’ve talked here about today.Good luck in finding and getting your dream job! Create your own resume

Alternative Health Care Schools 2019

Alternative health care is a generic term that refers to a number of non-traditional, or at least non-Western, forms of medical treatment. Holistic medicine and naturopathic medicine are umbrella terms for philosophies that encompass some of these forms of treatment. A little research results in an astonishing list of alternative health treatments. By way of example, here is a partial list: acupuncture, acupressure, aromatherapy, bioenergetics, biofeedback, energy healing, herbal treatments, integrative medicine, neuromuscular treatment, polarity therapy, shiatsu, tui na, and structural integration. Some of these are close to mainstream use today, such as acupuncture and the use of herbs for certain common afflictions. Others on that list are in the realm of radical psychology and still others are Eastern forms of treatment that remain obscure in this country. There are schools that provide an educational background on these treatment forms as well as the philosophical underpinnings that have been critical to the introduction of alternative health care in this country. .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4:active, .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u8d83c59dc91e68dc80f758df0a4d5be4:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor Degree Nursing Online Program Forensic Corrections Nurses Provide Needed Treatment to InmatesThere is an assortment of massage treatments that are held to have a medical impact, and it is fair to say that some chiropractic practices fall into this category. In the alternative medicine area, there are several types of massage that are practiced and taught. You can find academies that teach massage therapy as a basis for a holistic approach to medicine. Shiatsu is one form of massage therapy brought to us from the East. There is a licensing procedure for these schools in certain states and certification provided for those who complete the course of instruction. Other schools of natural medicine focus on herbal healing combined with additional holistic tools. There are schools of holistic nursing as well. Some schools provide courses that lead to bachelor of science degrees in alternative medicine, covering a wide gamut of alternative healing methods. You can obtain a certificate in integrative health and wellness from one institution in the midwest: this program is designed for health professionals who wish to explore the non-traditional options available in alternative health care. .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a:active, .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u748de718f874ffdca06f0dcfe485e18a:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Employment Opportunities in Criminal JusticeNaturopathic medicine is one of those broad terms that encompass a variety of alternative health care treatment forms. Schools that offer degrees in naturopathic health care take the regimen seriously. There are doctoral programs available in this discipline that require four to five years of study. Integrative health care is a form of alternative medicine that incorporates medical treatments from both traditional and non-traditional fields. One institute describes its program as the integration of acupuncture and Chinese herbal healing methods with complementary and Western medicines. One institute called The Polarity Center is dedicated to teaching methods of energetic studies and energetic bodywork which is integrated with other holistic practices to round out the curriculum. The variety of alternative health care disciplines is fascinating. All of them are taught at some type of educational facility, and many of them are taught in alternative health care schools under the aegis of a single course of study, be it called naturopathic health care or holistic (sometimes wholistic) medicine or some other encompassing term. Choosing an educational path in this area may be challenging. It requires an understanding of the many forms of treatment that are available, and then selecting the combination of alternative health care methods that suit you and choosing a school that will teach them. .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98:active, .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u975da3a6f363378e5f79c271eb8cda98:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ IT Colleges Are The Path To IT CareersRelated ArticlesBachelor Degree Nursing Online Program Forensic Corrections Nurses Provide Needed Treatment to InmatesFocused Health Care Planning For StudentsAcquiring a Health Care Degree on the InternetHealth Care Informatics FactsStudent Health Care Plans for School NursesChoosing a Good Health Care Plan

Picture Gallery Hatshepsut, Female Pharaoh of Egypt

The Number One Plan to Use for Online Physics Problem Solver Revealed

The Number One Plan to Use for Online Physics Problem Solver Revealed You may be the person who drops out of that list utilizing skilled math problems help online. The OpenFOAM solver binaries aren't included with the FEATool distribution and have to be set up separately. But the moment I stick this guy online, there are a lot of problems. Our physics problem solver supplies you with a service which is totally covered by our many guarantees. Online Physics Problem Solver - What Is It? You are able to check the variety of active experts in actual time on the primary page. Our experts will do their very best to make you realize your target. Next time you're trying to find a place to do my physics hw or to find some hands-on help, our professional service is the best way to go! Get in touch with our managers with a simple I need aid with physics' approach and they'll finish up! Frequently, Physics has calculations and concept related comprehension of the concepts. 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DEad Man Walking Essay Example For Students

DEad Man Walking Essay Dead Man WalkingThe film, Dead Man Walking was made in 1995, and was adopted from Sister Helen Prejeans 1993 autobiographical book, which has the same title. It examines one of the most highly debated controversial issues of our time capital punishment. Since the protagonist of a film is regarded as the good guy, I would apply this label to Sister Helen Prajean, played by Susan Sarandon, and that of the antagonist, or the bad guy to Matthew Poncelet, played by Sean Penn. However, even though Sean Penn is definitely the bad guy, by definition, my feelings changed as the film progressed with Seans eventual understanding of the enormity of his transgression. (Rozan, 17) The story presented in the film attracts the viewer because of the strong emotions, which are evoked by the violence of the murder and rape, but also by the actors themselves. The issues of crime and punishment are examined from multiple viewpoints the victims family members, the killers, society, the lawyer, and a melding of all views within the religious conviction portrayed by Susan Sarandon. Your feelings go through many changes, as each view is examined and reexamined, as the story unfolds with more and more information concerning the actual crime and the events prior, during, and after its commission. The film unfolds with Penns emotions moving from defiance to remorse, (Rozan, 17) without actually providing a absolute judgment to the viewer, as to whether capital punishment is right or wrong-good or evil.As Sarandon tells Penn There are spaces of sorrow only God can touch. (Rozan, 17). The concepts of good and evil are clearly defined within the context of the film by the parameters of our criminal justice system and society in general. A very clear message is given-the perpetrator of such heinous crimes will pay with his life. This view is not challenged by the film. The concept of capital punishment, however, is questioned, as the workings of death row are explained and eventually seen. Penn gradually comes to an awareness of himself and his place in our society by fighting his eventual death by execution. You end up wondering whether the cause of justice to society and specifically to the victims and their families could possibly be served just as well by a life sentence, without the possibility of parole. You further ask yourself if you could actually administer the lethal injection yourself, rather than having someone else do it. The film makes a political statement concerning capital punishment, but doesnt overtly preach its message. The message is provided by Penns quest for his souls redemption via Sarandons interaction. Dead Man Walkings message has the viewer questioning beliefs, which he was previously sure of. Theoretically, you may think that capital punishment in this case is a foregone conclusion, but as you get to understand Penns character the black and white of the case now has shades of gray. The writer-director, Tim Robbins explores the psychological and moral relationship that develops between Penn and Sarandon. The faint possibility that evil and goodness can find a way of speaking to one another, the dim hope that the former can be in some sense redeemed, the later in some sense educated. (Schickel, 69) is proffered for the viewer to think about. The rewards of criminal behavior result in Penns death. The cost of violent, unconscionable acts result in his execution. The crime cannot be justified, but the viewer cannot help but try to understand Penn as a human being that has to pay for an act, which society cannot condone or accept. You ask yourself How could he do such a terrible thing? Understanding is a tough challenge which is met by Sarandons character because she will not give up on Penns ability to understand how wrong he was and to seek forgiveness from a higher power, since society cannot forgive him. We know he is guilty, but the film does cause us to question what we may have formerly thought was totally right-capital punishment. You end up asking yourself, whether Penns personal redemption is worth foregoing his execution. Can good come out of evil? Can God truly forgive? If you say you are truly sorry and repent sincerely, is it enough? Are there really answers to questions such as these within our earthly realm, or should these questions only be resolved by God? I really do not know. Pearl Harbor EssayLife imprisonment without parole serves the same purposes as capital punishment at less cost without the practical disadvantages and injustices of its actual practice. Churches should call for an immediate moratorium and work for the eventual end of the death penalty. Many contend that the use of capital punishment as a form of deterrence does not work, as there are no fewer murders in countries or states that do have it, then those that do not. In order for capital punishment to work as a deterrence, certain events must be present in the criminals mind prior to committing the offence. The criminal must be aware that others have been punished in the past for the offence that he or she is planning. The moral issues concerning the legitimacy of the death have been brought by many abolitionists. They think that respect for life forbids the use of the death penalty, while retentionists believe that respect for life requires it. Retentionists says the bible (Genesis 9:6) says, Whosoever sheds mans blood, by man may his blood be shed. This classic argument in favor of the death penalty has usually been interpreted as a proper and moral reason for putting a murderer to death. Supporters of capital punishment say that society has the right to kill in defense of its members, just as an individual has the right to kill in self defense for his or her own personal safety. This analogy is somewhat doubtful, however, as long as the effectiveness of the death penalty as a deterrent to violent crimes has yet to be proven. BibliographyAnsen, David. The Killer And The Nun. Newsweek 8 January 1996. Moore, Susan. Responsibility. Quadrant September 1996. Musbach, Tom. Evangelical Cinema. Commonweal 22 March 1996. Prejean, Helen. Dead Man Walking. New York: Random House, 1993. Rodgers, Christy. Dead Man Walking. Cineaste June 1996. Rozen, Leah. Dead Man Walking. People 15 January 1996. Schickel, Richard. The Executionees Song. Time 8 January 1996. The Bible

Reflection on Confucianism

Introduction Confucianism is considered as one of the philosophies that were developed in the ancient times yet it still asserts a significant influence on the contemporary society (Liu 2006, 47). One of the authors who have written widely on Confucianism is Yao. In his presentation of Confucianism, Yao (2005, 17) makes attempts to link the philosophy to its developer and the culture or tradition within which Confucianism developed. This paper looks into the conception of Confuciasm by Yao. The paper also assesses the classical development of Confucian, the Yi jing.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Confucianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The broader view of the philosophy Yao reacts against the constricted view of the philosophy, which comes from failure to open into the historical development of the philosophy and the role of the Confucian tradition as a whole in advancing Confucianism. By ope ning up into this history, it becomes easier to establish the role and influence of Ru in the advancement of Confucian teachings (Yao 2005, 21). Yao does not rule out the role of the founder of this philosophy. He tries to present a broader picture of the development of the philosophy by picturing it from his tradition and the society from which it developed, rather that basing on Confucius. This is achieved by focusing on the evolution of the philosophy of Confucianism. By placing the philosophy in the context of the entire Chinese society, it emerges that Confucianism has grown within the traditional Chinese society has thus been influenced by the changes in the political and social demands of the society. The point that is brought out here is that Confucianism had an influence on the functionality of the society through learning and the exercise of the Confucian ethos. By arguing that Confucianism was not solely developed by Confucius, Yao tries to present a broader view of how t he philosophy of Confucianism has grown and spread across the world. Yao tries to present Confucianism, not merely as a philosophy, but also as a tradition. This is done through the linkage of Confucianism to the Ru tradition in China (Yao 2005, 17). Understanding Confucianism from the societal context In order to link the development of the Confucian tradition to the development and enhancement of the Chinese society, its development is divided into two. There is the creative period of Confucian development, which depicts the formulation of the philosophy together with the development of the principles within the tradition. The second part is the most valid part as it links the Confucian tradition to the social and political developments over the period of development of the philosophy. This puts the philosophy in the context of the tradition, thereby moving it away from the focus on the developer and picturing it from a wider perspective. Confucianism is further divided into three epochs.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These are the periods of development that are presented in a sequential manner in order to capture the developments in the philosophy and other historical happenings (Yao 2005, 18-20).  The main aim of such a presentation of the historical development of Confucianism is to establish its tie with the developments in the contemporary globalized society. The question that leads to this is whether Confucianism can be likened to global culture and spirituality. Yao seeks to present an understanding of the doctrines of Confucianism in the modern society. This cannot be attained by looking at philosophy from the developer perspective, but from the perspective of the tradition and society. Apart from the founder of the philosophy of Confucianism, the tradition and society within which the philosophy has developed exerted a lot of influence on the philoso phy. This justifies the exploration of diverse dimensions in the development of the tradition (Yao 2005, 6-8). What Yi Jing says about the role of a Confucian? Of great importance to the development of Confucianism is the translation of the teachings and doctrines of Confucianism into other languages. This is known as Yi jing. Yin jing was a curriculum that was utilized in the study of Confucian philosophies. Yi jing falls within the main Confucian classics of China. Yi jing plays a significant role in advancing the Confucian commentary. The concept of divination has been one of the core concepts in the doctrine of Confucianism. Therefore, translation of the ethical and philosophical commentaries in the Yi jing provides a background for understanding the conceptions of divination in Confucianism. Western conceptions of Confucian philosophies are highly founded in the binary translations (Engelfriet 1998, 98-99). The translations in the Yi Jing can be likened to western Geomancy. The se classical texts have portrayed a deeper sense of the role of Confucian in the society. However, the translation takes complex process, which makes it hard for one to translate the Confucian commentary. One needs a substantial amount of time in order to know how to make translations of the Confucian commentaries as posited in the Yi jing. This is a negative implication as it portrays Confucian commentaries as difficult for translation and understanding (Little 2006, 165).  The paper has profoundly implored the confines in the understanding of the philosophy of Confucianism. From the discussion, it has come out that a clear understanding of the philosophy, more so in the context of the contemporary world can only be attained through studying it within the context of the tradition and society in which it developed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Reflection on Confucianism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Refe rence List Engelfriet, Peter M. 1998. Euclid in China: The Genesis of the First Chinese Translation of Euclid’s Elements Books I – VI (Jihe Yuanben; Beijing, 1607) and its Reception up to 1723. Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill. Little, Reg. 2006. A Confucian-Daoist Millennium? Bacchus Marsh: Connor Court Publishing. Liu, JeeLoo. 2006. An Introduction to Chinese Philosophy: From Ancient Philosophy to Chinese Buddhism. Malden, MA: Blackwell. Yao, Xinzhong. 2005. An Introduction to Confucianism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. This essay on Reflection on Confucianism was written and submitted by user Cristopher C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Index to French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary

Index to French Grammar and Pronunciation Glossary This index to the glossary of French grammar and pronunciation terms treated in our lessons provides definitions and links to further information about each of the French verb tenses, pronouns, and other grammatical structures weve discussed. It also includes information about various pronunciation issues. You can search for definitions by topic or by using the full alphabetical list in either  English  or  French; all definitions are in English. Or you can get just the highlights:  top grammar terms. English Index Aactive voiceadjectiveadverbadverbial pronounadverb of frequencyadverb of manneradverb of placeadverb of quantityadverb of timeagentagreementantecedentarticleauxiliary verbCclausecomparative adverbcognatecompound pastcompound tenseconditionalconditional perfectconditionalsconditional sentenceconjunctionconjugateconjugationcoordinating conjunctioncopular verbDdefinite articledemonstrative adjectivedemonstrative pronoundependent clausedescriptive adjectivedirect objectdirect object complementdirect object pronoundisjunctive pronoundummy subjectEeuphonyFfalse cognatefamiliarfeminineformalfuturefuture anteriorfuture perfectfuture subjunctiveGgenderHhelping verbhiatushistoric pasthistorical tenseIif-then clauseimperativeimperfectimperfect subjunctiveimpersonal pronounimpersonal verbindefinite articleindefinite adjectiveindefinite pronounindefinite relative pronounindependent clauseindicativeindirect objectindirect object complementindirect object pronouninfinitiveinflectioninformalinterro gative adjectiveinterrogative adverbinterrogative pronounintransitive verbinversionLliaisonlinkinglinking verbliterary registerliterary tenseMmain clausemasculinemoodNnarrative tensenear futurenegative adjectivenegative adverbnegative pronounnormal registernounnumberOobjectPparticiplepartitive articlepassive voicepast anteriorpast conditionalpast infinitivepast participlepast perfectpast perfect subjunctivepast subjunctiveperfect participlepersonpersonal pronounpersonal verbpluperfectpluperfect subjunctivepluralpossessive adjectivepossessive pronounprepositionpresentpresent participlepresent perfectpreteritepronominal verbpronominal voicepronounproper nounRreal subjectrecent pastregisterreflexive pronounreflexive verbrelative clauserelative pronounSsimple pastsimple tensesingularstate-of-being verbstressed pronounsubjectsubject pronounsubjunctivesubordinate clausesubordinating conjunctionsuperlative adverbTtensetransitive verbtrue cognateVverbverb conjugationvoicevulgar (register) French Index Aaccordadjectifadjectif dà ©monstratifadjectif descriptifadjectif indà ©finiadjectif interrogatifadjectif nà ©gatifadjectif possessifadverbeadverbe comparatifadverbe de frà ©quenceadverbe de lieuadverbe de manià ¨readverbe de quantità ©adverbe de tempsadverbe interrogatifadverbe nà ©gatifadverbe superlatifagentantà ©cà ©dentapparentà ©argotiquearticlearticle dà ©finiarticle indà ©finiarticle partitifauxiliaireCCODCOIcomplà ©ment dobjet directcomplà ©ment dobjet indirectconditionnelconditionnel passà ©conjonctionconjonction de coordinationconjonction de subordinationconjugaisonconjuguercopuleDdà ©sinenceEenchaà ®nementeuphonieFfamilierfaux amifà ©mininformelfuturfutur antà ©rieurfutur passà ©futur procheGgenreHhiatusIimparfaitimparfait du subjonctifimpà ©ratifindicatifinfinitifinfinitif passà ©inversionLliaisonlittà ©raireMmasculinmodemot apparentà ©Nnomnom proprenombrenormalOobjetobjet directobjet indirectPparticipeparticipe passà ©participe prà ©sentpassà © antà ©rieurpassà © composà ©passà © composà © du participe prà ©sentpassà © rà ©centpassà © simplepersonnephrase de conditionplurielplus-que-parfaitplus-que-parfait du subjonctifpopulaireprà ©positionprà ©sentprà ©tà ©ritpronompronom adverbialpronom dà ©monstratifpronom disjointpronom impersonnelpronom indà ©finipronom indà ©fini relatifpronom interrogatifpronom nà ©gatifpronom objet directpronom objet indirectpronom personnelpronom possessifpronom rà ©flà ©chipronom relatifpronom sujetpropositionproposition conditionnelleproposition dà ©pendanteproposition indà ©pendanteproposition principaleproposition relativeproposition subordonnà ©eproposition subordonnà ©e relativeRregistreSsi clausesinguliersubjonctifsubjonctif futursubjonctif passà ©sujetsujet apparentsujet rà ©elTtempstemps composà ©temps de la narrationtemps historiquetemps littà ©rairetemps simpleVverbeverbe auxiliaireverbe copulatifverbe impersonnelverbe intransitifverbe pronominalverbe rà © flà ©chiverbe transitifvoixvrai amivulgaire Topic Index Adjectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  demonstrative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  descriptive adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  indefinite adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  interrogative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  negative adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  possessive adjectiveAdverbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverbial pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of frequency  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of manner  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of place  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of quantity  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb of time  Ã‚  Ã‚  comparative adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  interrogative adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  negative adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  superlative adverbAgreement  Ã‚  Ã‚  gender  Ã‚  Ã‚  number  Ã‚  Ã‚  adjectives  Ã‚  Ã‚  articles  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronounsClauses  Ã‚  Ã‚  dependent clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  if-then clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  independent clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  main clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  relative clause  Ã‚  Ã‚  subordinate clauseConjunctions  Ã‚  Ã‚  coordinating conjunction  Ã‚  Ã‚  subordinating conjunctionObjects  Ã‚  Ã‚  object  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct object  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct object complement/pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  indirect object  Ã‚  Ã‚  indirect object complement/pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  intransitive verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  transitive verbParts of speech  Ã‚  Ã‚  adjective  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverb  Ã‚  Ã‚  article  Ã‚  Ã‚  conjunction  Ã‚  Ã‚  noun  Ã‚  Ã‚  preposition  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  verbPronouns  Ã‚  Ã‚  adverbial pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  demonstrative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  direct object pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  disjunctive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  impersonal pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  indefinite pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  indefinite relative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  interrogative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  negative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  personal pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  possessive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronominal verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  reflexive pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  relative pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  stressed pronoun  Ã‚  Ã‚  subject pronounPronunciation  Ã‚  Ã‚  cognate  Ã‚  Ã‚  euphony  Ã‚  Ã‚  hiatus  Ã‚  Ã‚  liaison  Ã‚  Ã‚  linkingVerbs* conjugate/conjugation  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  inflection  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  number  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  person  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  voice* compound tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  auxiliary/helping verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  compound past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional perfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  future anterior/perfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past conditional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past perfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past anterior  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past perfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pluperfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pluperfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  present perfect* historical/literary/narrative tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  historic past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past anterior  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pluperfect subjunctive* inversion* mood  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   imperative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  indicative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  infinitive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  subjunctive* participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  past participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  perfect participle  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  present participle* simple tense  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  future  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  future subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  historic past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperative  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  imperfect subjunctive  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  present  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  preterite  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  simple past  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  subjunctive* types of verbs  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  copular verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  impersonal verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  intransitive verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pronominal/reflexive verb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  transitive ver bMiscellaneous  Ã‚  Ã‚  agent  Ã‚  Ã‚  antecedent  Ã‚  Ã‚  conditional  / conditional sentence  Ã‚  Ã‚  proper noun  Ã‚  Ã‚  register  Ã‚  Ã‚  subject  Ã‚  Ã‚   - dummy subject  Ã‚  Ã‚   - real subject

'Information systems have revolutionised the way we work'. Critically Essay

'Information systems have revolutionised the way we work'. Critically discuss this statement using two concepts from the mod - Essay Example These are a few of the ways in which information systems have provided advantages to the regular activities (Morgan, 2006). Based on this aspect, the report describes how information systems have influenced and revolutionised the way people work. Furthermore, the report also illuminates two key aspects of information systems along with their impact on work. Defining Information Systems Information system is regarded as the technology which is used for storing, controlling, dispensing and generating information. This technology includes any mechanism capable of processing data of information systems. Information systems use certain tools in order to perform calculations, record information, manipulate data and communicate messages to people. On the other hand, the ways in which people work comprise procedures used for individuals and organisations. Individuals and organisations apply certain procedures in order to accomplish subjective task (Yu, 2004). Computer Have Revolutionised the Way We Work A vital example of information system is the development of computer. The work of every individual and organisation has completely changed with the advent of computer. Computer system actually arrived during 1930s and laid the foundation for numerous activities. The present world is completely revolutionised by computer systems. Computer is presently observed in every office of metropolitan areas and it is difficult to think about modern organisations without computers. Regular tasks would be extremely inefficient without using computers. For example, managing customer records in an organisation can be performed effortlessly with the use of computers. Computer systems have replaced manual management of customer records to electronic ways of management (Zammuto & et. al., 2007). In today’s information age, computers are regarded as a machine that can process information and provide the function of communication. The first thematic ritual in the history of computer took form with queries impersonated by experts and pioneers of digital computing. The second thematic tradition in the history of computer is shifting focus to historical roots of the information age and the third thematic tradition is pioneering machines that can be differentiated with the work of historians. The history of computing is a hybrid area that has increasingly drawn on diverse disciplines and methods. Researchers in the area of humanities and social sciences frequently demonstrate a form of hybrid vigour where a core area of discipline is invigorated by the exchange with neighbouring areas or disciplines. Historians of computing have positively looked outward to neighbouring areas and disciplines for conceptual inspiration. Various organisations, corporate cultures and industries have found importance of flow of information in order to carry out regular activities (Misa, 2007). Computer Revolutionised Workplace Activity Computer has changed the paradigm of

Marketing Plan For An Art Gallery National Gallery of Art Term Paper

Marketing Plan For An Art Gallery National Gallery of Art - Term Paper Example The National Gallery of Art has come up with a new marketing strategy in order to cope with the rising completion and to retain the existing customers. The new marketing strategy involves market expansion and penetration strategies. It is planning to expand its product line and also to offer a new product by opening up a art school for students who are interested in learning about the American and European art. The main objective of the National Gallery of Art is to preserve the best art pieces from all around the world and pass them on to the future generations in the best condition. In the next three, consecutive years, the organization has planned to implement its new marketing strategy by using a step-by-step procedure. In the first year it will expand its collection base, in the second year it will expand its building and in the third year it will open up its art school. Company description The National Gallery of Art is based in Washington, DC. It was created in 1937 by the people of United States. It was formed as a result of collaboration between the congress and the Andrew. W. Mellon who was both the financier and art collector for the National Gallery of Art. Before his death Andrew W Mellon promised all his collection of sculpture and art to the United States and it was preserved in the National Gallery of Art. Since then the gallery has been like an art museum. It holds many precious paintings belonging to various artists. The collection at The National Art gallery consists of precious art pieces from United States and Europe

How Capital Structure Affects UK Cost of Capital

How Capital Structure Affects UK Cost of Capital Abstract Firms require a reasonable capital structure to meet the required target. To raise the finance, firms normally choose to review some different factors that are taken into account in considering. In this study, the author will examine the correlation between capital structure and the cost of the capital. As the cost will be a main factor for the firms to raise the finance. And different of capital structure will cause variable cost. This report will review the literature in capital structure and cost of finance. Along with the availability of source of finance, including the matching principle, a famous tools trade-off theory. As well as the argument follows, pecking order theory and agency cost theory. Drawing a conclusion based on the research survey data collection. Justify the relationship in how capital structure affects capital cost. Introduction The term capital structure refers to the mix of different types of funds which a company uses to finance its activities. Capital structure varies greatly from one company to another. For example, some companies are financed mainly by shareholders funds whereas others make much greater use of borrowings. Since the seminal publication of Modigliani and Miller (1958), corporate finance researchers have devoted considerable effort to investigating capital structure decisions (e.g. Myers, 1977 and 1984). Significant progress has been made in understanding the determinants of corporate capital structure with an increased emphasis on financial contracting theory (for example, Barclay and Smith, 1995; Mehran et al., 1999; and Graham et al., 1998 and, for an international view, Rajan and Zingales, 1995). This theory suggests that firm characteristics such as risk and investment opportunity set affect contracting costs. In turn, these costs impact on the choice between alternative forms of finance such as debt and equity, and between different classes of fixed-claim finance such as debt and leasing. The author will examine the relationship between the cost of capital and the structure of capital, and the effect of cost to raise finance in terms of making financial decision in the firms. Literature review 2.1 Theory of capital The origins of capital structure theory lie in the models of optimal capital structure that were developed in the wake of the famous Modigliani-Miller irrelevance theorem. These models later became to be known as the static trade-off theory (see e.g. Modigliani and Miller, 1958, 1963; Baxter, 1967; Gordon, 1971; Kraus and Litzenberger, 1973; Scott, 1976; Kim, 1978; Vinso, 1979). In this theory, the combination of leverage related costs (associated with e.g. bankruptcy and agency relations) and a tax advantage of debt produces an optimal capital structure at less than a 100% debt financing, as the tax advantage is traded off against the likelihood of incurring the costs. This theoretical result is now widely accepted in the profession. However, in seeking to model the wide diversity of capital structure practice, a number of additional factors have been proposed in the literature. 2.2 Factors that affect capital structure First, the use of debt finance can reduce agency costs between managers and shareholders by increasing the managers share of equity (Jensen and Meekling, 1976) and by reducing the free cash available for managers personal benefits (Jensen, 1986). Second, Myers and Majluf (1984) argue that, under asymmetric information, equity may be mispriced by the market. If firms finance new projects by issuing more equity, under pricing may cause les profit for existing shareholders in terms of the project NPV. Myers (1984) refers to this as pecking order theory of capital structure. The underinvestment can be reduced by financing the mispriced equity by the market. Internal funds involve no undervaluation and even debt that is not too risky will be preferred to equity. If external finance was required, firms tended first to issue the safest security, debt, and only issued equity as a last resort. Under this model, there is no well-define target mix of debt and equity finance. Each firms observed debt ratio reflects its cumulative requirements for external finance. Generally, profitable firms will borrow less because they can rely on internal resources and retain earnings. The preference for internal equity implies that firms will use less debt than suggested by the trade-off theory. Other factors that have been invoked to help explain the diversity of capital structures include: management behaviour (Williamson, 1988), firm-stakeholder interaction (Grinblatt and Titman, 1998), and corporate control issues (Harris and Raviv, 1988 and 1991). 2.3 How to finance The conventional discussion on a firms choice between long-term and short-term debt has generally focused on three aspects: matching debt maturity with asset life; extending the term-to-maturity of loans to stretch the firms debt capacity; and concentrating long-term debt issues in periods of relatively low interest rates. Recent development in the financial research literature has advanced several economics concepts such as transaction and agency costs, tax-timing option, and information asymmetry, to the debt maturity choice paradigm. Brick and Ravid (1985) show that taxes can also imply an optimal debt maturity structure. Depending on the term-structure of interest rates, long-term (short-term) is optimal, since it accelerates the tax benefit of debt given an increasing (decreasing) term structure. When firms cannot reveal the true quality of their cash flows, i.e. when information asymmetry exists, they can prevent or abate undervaluation by using a variety of signalling devices, such as debt (leverage), dividend payments or the maturity structure of debt. Thus, information asymmetry gives firms an incentive to signal their quality and credibility by taking on more debt and shortening their debt maturity. A higher leverage, especially more short-term debt, signals favourable inside information to the market because it offers the possibility to renegotiate terms in the future, when more information has become available. Long-term debt entails higher information costs than short-term debt, because the market expects a stronger deterioration of quality than insiders do. Firms with a low level of information asymmetry are therefore more likely to issue long-term debt (Flannery, 1986). In the study of international capital structures, Rajan and Zingales (1995) argue that it is important to test the robustness of US finds in different environments. They identify as potentially important the cross-country differences in tax and bankruptcy codes, in the market for corporate control and in the historical role played by banks and security markets. Methodology This survey focuses primarily on the determinants of the capital structure policy of firms but also includes some questions on topics that are closely related to the capital structure. For example, the questions address their approximate cost of equity to the managers, how they estimate their cost of equity (with CAPM or other methods), and whether the impact on the weighted average cost of capital is a consideration in their capital structure choice. The survey was developed after a careful review of the capital structure literature pertaining to the U.S. and European countries. For ease of comparability, the author tried to keep the format and design the survey similar to that of Graham and Harvey (2001), but modified or simplified some questions that are likely to be relevant in the UK context. For example, literature suggests that there are strong differences in corporate objectives between American and UK financial systems since the former system focuses on maximizing shareholder wealth while the later emphasizes the welfare of all stakeholder including employees, creditors and even he government. To examine this difference, the author ask the CFOs about the extent to which different stakeholders influence their firms financial decisions, the author also ask the firms the percentage of their free float share and whether they have preference or common share. 3.1 Sampling The initial samples for mailing the survey consist of a total of 57 firms from UK. The choice of initial sample was based on selecting firms that are representative of the UK firms, are widely traded, are comparable across country, and are public limited with available information. These criteria are important to justify the firms specific difference. From this sample, 9 firms were deleted because of non-availability of addresses and another 17 firms were deleted because they declined to participate in the survey, leaving a final sample of 31 firms. The survey was anonymous as this was an important criterion to obtain honest responses. In the mailing a letter was included that was addressed to the CFO or CEO explaining the objective of the study and promising to send a copy of the findings to those who wished to receive. A total of 12 responses were received by mail, which represents a response rate about 38 percent. 3.3 Summary of findings The respondent firms represent a wide variety of industries with a larger concentration in manufacturing; mining; energy and transportation sector; high technology; and financial sectors. About three forth of firms have a target debt to equity ratios, and about half of these firms maintain a target debt to equity ratios of one. Further, many respondents have a large percentage of their total debt in short term. About 80 percent of respondents report that they calculate their cost of equity, and over 77% of them employ the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate this cost. The estimated cost of equity reported by respondents ranges between 9%-15% only few firms report cost of capital greater than 15% The correlations among the demography variables of this survey are largely as predicted in the literature. These correlations will be discussed in detail in the next section. Analysis Three sets of factors in managers opinion that are likely to influence capital structure of firms are selected based on a review of literature. The first set is based on the implications of different capital structure theories such as the trade-off theory, the pecking order theory, and the agency cost theory. Generally the managers will make the financial decisions based on theories and through these decisions to affect their cost of capital. The second set relates to the managers timing of debt or equity issues since literature suggests that managers are concerned about financial flexibility. With evidence support in the findings, most of managers within all industries consider the financial flexibility as the most important issue when raise finance. Finance by short term may give the company advantage in changing their status to meet the changing world environment and provide less risks in investments. Finally, the last set of factors is based on common beliefs among managers about the impact of capital structure changes on financial statements such as the potential impact of equity issue on earnings. This factor shows the important of experience in managers mind and how it will be impact on the decisions. In summary, to analyse a companys capital structure, we assume that the company is only financed by two ways, either by shareholders equity or borrowings. It is just to consider how cost of capital affect the different proportion of debt in capital structure. Figure 8: Two advantages and two disadvantages of borrowing Advantages Disadvantages 1. Cheap direct cost because debt is less risky to the investor 1. Financial leverage causes shareholders to increase their cost of capital 2. Cheap direct cost because interest is a tax deductible expense. 2. Bankruptcy risks if borrowings are too high. The main advantage of borrowing is that the debt has a cheaper direct cost than equity. Debt is less risky to the investor than equity (low risk result a low required return) Interest payments are tax deductable whereas dividends are not. However, borrowing has two distinct disadvantages. Firstly it causes shareholders to suffer increased volatility of earnings. This is known as financial leverage. The increased volatility to shareholders returns resulting from financial leverage causes shareholders to demand a higher rate of return in compensation. The second disadvantage of borrowing is that if the company borrows too much, it increases its bankruptcy risks. At reasonable levels of gearing this affect will be imperceptible, but it becomes significant for highly geared companies and results in a range of risks and costs which have the effect of increasing the companys cost of capital. Limitation and Ethical issue The research focus on the UK market and respondents are from different areas of industry. The limitation has been carried out. First will be the time of the research. As a three months research, the data was not examined as correct enough to support the authors point. The data collection should be carrying continually in a long period of time and often reviewed at some certain time. Second, the way of collecting these data is limited by mailing. The survey may not represent the whole market as the limited number of respondents. A research should conduct all the possible methods including quantitative and qualitative. Finally, as this is not a professional research, lots of objectives in the research declined to give feedback in judging their financial structure in the case some of this could be their classified information. The ethical issue has been raised in this research; this will be honesty in the feedbacks from the respondents. As this survey is anonymous research, the managers may not give the right information in case of rising threats in competition. The importance of financial structure in firms causes the mangers to think before they actually answer the questions. The privacy issue in their mind raised that they may not want to share all the information regarding to the financial statement. Conclusion The purpose of this article is to supplement the existing literature with an analysis of the factors determining the financial structure affecting the cost of capital. The analyses give rise to the following conclusions. The study presents a dynamic model to address the possibility of adjustment costs incurred in reaching an optimal capital structure. And examine the literature in the factors in capital structure in affecting the cost of financing a firm through the facts in reality. The conclusion can be drawn as the cost of capital is a key factor that firms taken into account when raise finance along with the financial flexibility. On the other hand, the capital structure of a firm will affect the firms cost in both short term and long term. The firms raise the finance to meet the required target, there is no such a way to limit firms financial structure. They may want to choose a short term loan to meet flexibility of cash flow, in the contrast; the long term finance may require more information and satisfaction of the firms. The cost of capital depends on how firms finance their capital structure. Reference and bibliography Barclay, M.J. and C.W. Smith (1995), The Priority Structure of Corporate Liabilities, Journal of Finance, Vol. 50, No. 3 (July) Baxter, N. D. (1967) Leverage, the Risk of Ruin and the Cost of Capital, Journal of Finance, 22 Brick, I. and Ravid, A. (1985) On the relevance of debt maturity structure, Journal of Finance, 40 Flannery, M. (1986) Asymmetric information and risky debt maturity choice, Journal of Finance, 41 Gordon, M. (1971) Towards a theory of financial distress, Journal of Finance, 26 Graham, J.R., M.L. Lemmon and J.S. Schallheim (1998), Debt, Leases, Taxes and The Endogeneity of Corporate Tax Status, Journal of Finance, Vol. 53, No. 1 (February) Graham, J.R. and C.R. Harvey (2001), The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance: Evidence from the Field, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 60, Nos. 2/3 (May) Grinblatt, M. and S. Titman (1998), Financial Markets and Corporate Strategy (Irwin/McGraw- Hill, USA) Harris, M. and A. Raviv (1988), Corporate Control Contests and Capital Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 20 Harris, M. and A. Raviv (1991), The Theory of Capital Structure, Journal of Finance, Vol. 46, No. 1 (March) Jensen, M.C. (1986), Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance and Takeovers, American Economic Review, Vol. 76, No. 2, Jensen, M.C. and W. Meckling (1976), Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs, and Capital Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 3, No. 4 Kim, E. (1978) A mean-variance theory of optimal capital structure and corporate debt capacity, Journal of Finance, 23 Kraus, A. and Litzenberger, R. (1973) State preference model of optimal leverage, Journal of Finance, 28 Mehran, H., R.A. Taggart and D. Yermack (1999), CEO Ownership, Leasing and Debt Financing, Financial Management, Vol. 28, No. 2 Modigliani, F.F. and M.H. Miller (1958), The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance, and the Theory of Investment, American Economic Review, Vol. 48, No. 3 (June) Myers, S.C. (1977), Determinants of Corporate Borrowing, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 5, No. 2 (November) Myers, S.C. (1984), The Capital Structure Puzzle, Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, No. 3 (July) Myers, S. and Majluf, N. (1984) Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have, Journal of Financial Economics, 13, Rajan, R.G. and L. Zingales (1995), What Do We Know About Capital Structure Choice? Some Evidence from International Data, Journal of Finance, Vol. 50, No. 5 Scott, J. (1976) A theory of optimal capital structure, Bell Journal of Economics, 7 Vinso, J. (1979) A determination of the risk of ruin, Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 14 Williamson, O.E. (1988), Corporate Finance and Corporate Governance, Journal of Finance, Vol. 43, No. 3 (July) Advantage and disadvantage of borrowing, available on website www.accaglobal.com, access on 28.04.2010 How Capital Structure Affects UK Cost of Capital How Capital Structure Affects UK Cost of Capital Abstract Firms require a reasonable capital structure to meet the required target. To raise the finance, firms normally choose to review some different factors that are taken into account in considering. In this study, the author will examine the correlation between capital structure and the cost of the capital. As the cost will be a main factor for the firms to raise the finance. And different of capital structure will cause variable cost. This report will review the literature in capital structure and cost of finance. Along with the availability of source of finance, including the matching principle, a famous tools trade-off theory. As well as the argument follows, pecking order theory and agency cost theory. Drawing a conclusion based on the research survey data collection. Justify the relationship in how capital structure affects capital cost. Introduction The term capital structure refers to the mix of different types of funds which a company uses to finance its activities. Capital structure varies greatly from one company to another. For example, some companies are financed mainly by shareholders funds whereas others make much greater use of borrowings. Since the seminal publication of Modigliani and Miller (1958), corporate finance researchers have devoted considerable effort to investigating capital structure decisions (e.g. Myers, 1977 and 1984). Significant progress has been made in understanding the determinants of corporate capital structure with an increased emphasis on financial contracting theory (for example, Barclay and Smith, 1995; Mehran et al., 1999; and Graham et al., 1998 and, for an international view, Rajan and Zingales, 1995). This theory suggests that firm characteristics such as risk and investment opportunity set affect contracting costs. In turn, these costs impact on the choice between alternative forms of finance such as debt and equity, and between different classes of fixed-claim finance such as debt and leasing. The author will examine the relationship between the cost of capital and the structure of capital, and the effect of cost to raise finance in terms of making financial decision in the firms. Literature review 2.1 Theory of capital The origins of capital structure theory lie in the models of optimal capital structure that were developed in the wake of the famous Modigliani-Miller irrelevance theorem. These models later became to be known as the static trade-off theory (see e.g. Modigliani and Miller, 1958, 1963; Baxter, 1967; Gordon, 1971; Kraus and Litzenberger, 1973; Scott, 1976; Kim, 1978; Vinso, 1979). In this theory, the combination of leverage related costs (associated with e.g. bankruptcy and agency relations) and a tax advantage of debt produces an optimal capital structure at less than a 100% debt financing, as the tax advantage is traded off against the likelihood of incurring the costs. This theoretical result is now widely accepted in the profession. However, in seeking to model the wide diversity of capital structure practice, a number of additional factors have been proposed in the literature. 2.2 Factors that affect capital structure First, the use of debt finance can reduce agency costs between managers and shareholders by increasing the managers share of equity (Jensen and Meekling, 1976) and by reducing the free cash available for managers personal benefits (Jensen, 1986). Second, Myers and Majluf (1984) argue that, under asymmetric information, equity may be mispriced by the market. If firms finance new projects by issuing more equity, under pricing may cause les profit for existing shareholders in terms of the project NPV. Myers (1984) refers to this as pecking order theory of capital structure. The underinvestment can be reduced by financing the mispriced equity by the market. Internal funds involve no undervaluation and even debt that is not too risky will be preferred to equity. If external finance was required, firms tended first to issue the safest security, debt, and only issued equity as a last resort. Under this model, there is no well-define target mix of debt and equity finance. Each firms observed debt ratio reflects its cumulative requirements for external finance. Generally, profitable firms will borrow less because they can rely on internal resources and retain earnings. The preference for internal equity implies that firms will use less debt than suggested by the trade-off theory. Other factors that have been invoked to help explain the diversity of capital structures include: management behaviour (Williamson, 1988), firm-stakeholder interaction (Grinblatt and Titman, 1998), and corporate control issues (Harris and Raviv, 1988 and 1991). 2.3 How to finance The conventional discussion on a firms choice between long-term and short-term debt has generally focused on three aspects: matching debt maturity with asset life; extending the term-to-maturity of loans to stretch the firms debt capacity; and concentrating long-term debt issues in periods of relatively low interest rates. Recent development in the financial research literature has advanced several economics concepts such as transaction and agency costs, tax-timing option, and information asymmetry, to the debt maturity choice paradigm. Brick and Ravid (1985) show that taxes can also imply an optimal debt maturity structure. Depending on the term-structure of interest rates, long-term (short-term) is optimal, since it accelerates the tax benefit of debt given an increasing (decreasing) term structure. When firms cannot reveal the true quality of their cash flows, i.e. when information asymmetry exists, they can prevent or abate undervaluation by using a variety of signalling devices, such as debt (leverage), dividend payments or the maturity structure of debt. Thus, information asymmetry gives firms an incentive to signal their quality and credibility by taking on more debt and shortening their debt maturity. A higher leverage, especially more short-term debt, signals favourable inside information to the market because it offers the possibility to renegotiate terms in the future, when more information has become available. Long-term debt entails higher information costs than short-term debt, because the market expects a stronger deterioration of quality than insiders do. Firms with a low level of information asymmetry are therefore more likely to issue long-term debt (Flannery, 1986). In the study of international capital structures, Rajan and Zingales (1995) argue that it is important to test the robustness of US finds in different environments. They identify as potentially important the cross-country differences in tax and bankruptcy codes, in the market for corporate control and in the historical role played by banks and security markets. Methodology This survey focuses primarily on the determinants of the capital structure policy of firms but also includes some questions on topics that are closely related to the capital structure. For example, the questions address their approximate cost of equity to the managers, how they estimate their cost of equity (with CAPM or other methods), and whether the impact on the weighted average cost of capital is a consideration in their capital structure choice. The survey was developed after a careful review of the capital structure literature pertaining to the U.S. and European countries. For ease of comparability, the author tried to keep the format and design the survey similar to that of Graham and Harvey (2001), but modified or simplified some questions that are likely to be relevant in the UK context. For example, literature suggests that there are strong differences in corporate objectives between American and UK financial systems since the former system focuses on maximizing shareholder wealth while the later emphasizes the welfare of all stakeholder including employees, creditors and even he government. To examine this difference, the author ask the CFOs about the extent to which different stakeholders influence their firms financial decisions, the author also ask the firms the percentage of their free float share and whether they have preference or common share. 3.1 Sampling The initial samples for mailing the survey consist of a total of 57 firms from UK. The choice of initial sample was based on selecting firms that are representative of the UK firms, are widely traded, are comparable across country, and are public limited with available information. These criteria are important to justify the firms specific difference. From this sample, 9 firms were deleted because of non-availability of addresses and another 17 firms were deleted because they declined to participate in the survey, leaving a final sample of 31 firms. The survey was anonymous as this was an important criterion to obtain honest responses. In the mailing a letter was included that was addressed to the CFO or CEO explaining the objective of the study and promising to send a copy of the findings to those who wished to receive. A total of 12 responses were received by mail, which represents a response rate about 38 percent. 3.3 Summary of findings The respondent firms represent a wide variety of industries with a larger concentration in manufacturing; mining; energy and transportation sector; high technology; and financial sectors. About three forth of firms have a target debt to equity ratios, and about half of these firms maintain a target debt to equity ratios of one. Further, many respondents have a large percentage of their total debt in short term. About 80 percent of respondents report that they calculate their cost of equity, and over 77% of them employ the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate this cost. The estimated cost of equity reported by respondents ranges between 9%-15% only few firms report cost of capital greater than 15% The correlations among the demography variables of this survey are largely as predicted in the literature. These correlations will be discussed in detail in the next section. Analysis Three sets of factors in managers opinion that are likely to influence capital structure of firms are selected based on a review of literature. The first set is based on the implications of different capital structure theories such as the trade-off theory, the pecking order theory, and the agency cost theory. Generally the managers will make the financial decisions based on theories and through these decisions to affect their cost of capital. The second set relates to the managers timing of debt or equity issues since literature suggests that managers are concerned about financial flexibility. With evidence support in the findings, most of managers within all industries consider the financial flexibility as the most important issue when raise finance. Finance by short term may give the company advantage in changing their status to meet the changing world environment and provide less risks in investments. Finally, the last set of factors is based on common beliefs among managers about the impact of capital structure changes on financial statements such as the potential impact of equity issue on earnings. This factor shows the important of experience in managers mind and how it will be impact on the decisions. In summary, to analyse a companys capital structure, we assume that the company is only financed by two ways, either by shareholders equity or borrowings. It is just to consider how cost of capital affect the different proportion of debt in capital structure. Figure 8: Two advantages and two disadvantages of borrowing Advantages Disadvantages 1. Cheap direct cost because debt is less risky to the investor 1. Financial leverage causes shareholders to increase their cost of capital 2. Cheap direct cost because interest is a tax deductible expense. 2. Bankruptcy risks if borrowings are too high. The main advantage of borrowing is that the debt has a cheaper direct cost than equity. Debt is less risky to the investor than equity (low risk result a low required return) Interest payments are tax deductable whereas dividends are not. However, borrowing has two distinct disadvantages. Firstly it causes shareholders to suffer increased volatility of earnings. This is known as financial leverage. The increased volatility to shareholders returns resulting from financial leverage causes shareholders to demand a higher rate of return in compensation. The second disadvantage of borrowing is that if the company borrows too much, it increases its bankruptcy risks. At reasonable levels of gearing this affect will be imperceptible, but it becomes significant for highly geared companies and results in a range of risks and costs which have the effect of increasing the companys cost of capital. Limitation and Ethical issue The research focus on the UK market and respondents are from different areas of industry. The limitation has been carried out. First will be the time of the research. As a three months research, the data was not examined as correct enough to support the authors point. The data collection should be carrying continually in a long period of time and often reviewed at some certain time. Second, the way of collecting these data is limited by mailing. The survey may not represent the whole market as the limited number of respondents. A research should conduct all the possible methods including quantitative and qualitative. Finally, as this is not a professional research, lots of objectives in the research declined to give feedback in judging their financial structure in the case some of this could be their classified information. The ethical issue has been raised in this research; this will be honesty in the feedbacks from the respondents. As this survey is anonymous research, the managers may not give the right information in case of rising threats in competition. The importance of financial structure in firms causes the mangers to think before they actually answer the questions. The privacy issue in their mind raised that they may not want to share all the information regarding to the financial statement. Conclusion The purpose of this article is to supplement the existing literature with an analysis of the factors determining the financial structure affecting the cost of capital. The analyses give rise to the following conclusions. The study presents a dynamic model to address the possibility of adjustment costs incurred in reaching an optimal capital structure. And examine the literature in the factors in capital structure in affecting the cost of financing a firm through the facts in reality. The conclusion can be drawn as the cost of capital is a key factor that firms taken into account when raise finance along with the financial flexibility. On the other hand, the capital structure of a firm will affect the firms cost in both short term and long term. The firms raise the finance to meet the required target, there is no such a way to limit firms financial structure. They may want to choose a short term loan to meet flexibility of cash flow, in the contrast; the long term finance may require more information and satisfaction of the firms. The cost of capital depends on how firms finance their capital structure. Reference and bibliography Barclay, M.J. and C.W. 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